Hidrogeles: avances y aplicaciones en la biotecnología
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https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.9.4.2025.e1184Palabras clave:
Hidrogeles; Materiales inteligentes; Biocompatibilidad; Liberación controlada; Biotecnología.Resumen
La creciente demanda de materiales funcionales y sostenibles ha impulsado el desarrollo de hidrogeles inteligentes, redes poliméricas tridimensionales capaces de retener gran cantidad de agua y adaptarse a diversos estímulos ambientales. Estos materiales, caracterizados por su biocompatibilidad, alto contenido de agua y potencial biodegradabilidad, se sintetizan mediante diversas estrategias (reticulación química, física o mixta) que determinan sus propiedades estructurales finales y su funcionalidad. En esta revisión se abordan la clasificación y síntesis de hidrogeles (naturales, sintéticos e híbridos), así como sus propiedades estructurales y funcionales (capacidad de respuesta a estímulos ambientales como pH, temperatura o campos eléctricos, y mecanismos de liberación controlada). Además, se examinan sus aplicaciones biotecnológicas principales, incluyendo la agricultura (mejora de la retención de agua y nutrientes del suelo), la medicina (liberación controlada de fármacos, ingeniería de tejidos y medicina regenerativa) y la biotecnología ambiental (remediación y tratamiento de aguas). Se discuten los avances recientes en hidrogeles multifuncionales y nanocompuestos que posibilitan tecnologías emergentes como la bioimpresión 4D, y se destacan los desafíos actuales relacionados con la producción a escala, la sostenibilidad económica y los aspectos regulatorios (toxicidad de monómeros y ausencia de normativa estándar). Finalmente, se plantean perspectivas futuras, enfatizando la integración de nanotecnología, bioimpresión 3D y biosensores para mejorar el desempeño de los hidrogeles en aplicaciones biotecnológicas.
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